Transforming a Master of Public Health Program to Address Public Health Practice Needs

The future of the constantly changing public health profession is tied to the development of practice skills through competency-based training. In this article, we describe a program change in the Master of Public Health program at East Stroudsburg University in northeastern Pennsylvania. The first goal of the program transition was to ensure that all program elements included the relevant vision, values, mission, goals, and objectives. The second goal was to use continuous data input and evaluation to incorporate opportunities for flexible assessments. The change process helped the university faculty define the program's vision and fostered an environment of community collaboration that guides training for public health professionals.


Introduction
Public health is an interdisciplinary profession undergoing dynamic but sometimes conflicting changes. The future of public health can be enhanced by emphasizing the development of practice skills (1)(2)(3)(4)(5).
To increase the effectiveness of the public health profession and progress toward the goal of having the healthiest possible population, various adaptable approaches for improving graduate public health training and the skills of the public health workforce continue to emerge (4,(6)(7)(8)(9). It is important that emerging approaches to public health training support the development of competency-based training grounded in curriculum models (2). It is equally important that the training programs support the broad vision of ensuring social justice and promoting the elimination of health disparities.
East Stroudsburg University (ESU) is one of 14 institutions in the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Learning. Faculty members in ESU's accredited Master of Public Health (MPH) program have a documented history of improving the quality of its curriculum (7). The recent program change described in this article provides a potential model for refocusing graduate public health programs on community health and highlighting community-health education and practice. Given the need for quality assurance, the emphasis on outcomes, and the competition for social jurisdiction among overlapping professions (8), this model of change may help other programs work toward similar goals.

The Change Process
To ensure that the accredited MPH program at ESU continued to meet the public health needs of our communities and region (northeastern Pennsylvania) in a rapidly changing environment, faculty members who taught The program transition was based on a feedback system that highlighted the need for change at every program level. The first goal was to ensure that all program elements incorporated the appropriate program vision, values, mission, goals, and objectives, or VVMGO. The faculty members decided that the program VVMGO should focus on social justice and community health from an ecological perspective rather than focus on promoting program success (3,10,11). The second goal was to incorporate opportunities for flexible assessments through continuous data input and evaluation at every level. We envisioned a process that would blend the adaptability needed to use data with our efforts to keep the program focused on community health.
The figure shows the continual feedback process. The faculty began the process in 2003 with point 1; however, other graduate programs could begin using the model at any entry point.
During the 2-year process, five national initiatives affecting the public health workforce influenced our activities: 1) The Institute of Medicine (IOM) report, "Who Will Keep the Public Healthy? Educating the Public Health Workforce for the 21st Century," which emphasizes practice experience, the ecological model, and expanding the core curriculum of public health (3); 2) the impact of a more than 10-year dialogue about developing a process for credentialing the public health workforce (2,12); 3) the development of multiple sets of public health competencies from many stakeholders (2,3,13-16); 4) the existing graduate roles and competencies for health education (16,17); and 5) the current and future requirements for public health program accreditation, including the Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH) accreditation criteria and efforts to blend the MPH in health education concentration and the health education approval and accreditation processes at the graduate and undergraduate levels (18,19).
Four interactive stages of development emerged from an ongoing strategic planning process. The first stage, based on a synthesis of the previously mentioned materials and an examination of regional needs, involved developing a revised draft proposing new program VVMGO. Once approved by the faculty, the draft of the program VVMGO was used to guide the second stage. (A complete list of the revised ESU MPH program VVMGO is available from www.esu.edu/mph.) The second stage involved developing a list of student competencies that were grounded in the ecological model (3,11) and organized into 10 domains. These competencies were compiled after an interactive process involving students, graduates, community stakeholders, employers, community advisors, and faculty members ( Figure,   many general or discipline-specific approaches provided in the references of the 2003 IOM report and on the CDC Web site (2,3). These competency frameworks were continually synthesized, considering content knowledge and skill development required in each framework. Using a matrix or chart as a guide, the third stage included an examination of each course and required program activity to determine the relevance of selected competencies for the program curriculum. While focusing on the VVMGO, the fourth stage involved examining each relevant competency to determine whether it was a current focus of the program and if so, how it was being assessed, or whether it should become a focus and if so, how it should be emphasized.
In August and September 2003, the two written drafts were shared with students, graduates, and community public health professionals. The drafts were accompanied by a cover letter describing our interactive process and requesting input, validation, or both ( Figure, point 5). Participants ranked the importance of goals, objectives, and competencies and suggested changes, validated the draft, or both. We allowed this feedback to be anonymous (although many people signed their submissions), and the information was returned in our envelope.
Aided by mailed-in information and data from 4 years of program evaluation findings (2001)(2002)(2003)(2004), including student and graduate surveys about curriculum value and outcomes of the program, exit-interview summaries, and internship preceptor interviews, we began the process of revising the curriculum. The revision focused on the courses, student assessments, and program requirements, with the goal of ensuring that graduates who completed the program would have the identified competencies ( Figure, point 6). Learning objectives for several courses were changed, experiential learning was expanded, and new courses were added.

Integrated Evaluation Processes
To ensure that program changes were monitored effectively, a modified logic model was created to illustrate the relationships among the revised curriculum requirements, revised course learning objectives, and the program's VVMGO and student competencies (Table). The model was developed to help plan the processes for and implementation of the new evaluation, and its development will help us monitor the program's outcomes and allow the faculty to revise the evaluation of the program as needed (Figure,  point 7). Creating a visual representation of the interactive nature of the program helped the faculty embrace the idea that program success in all areas is necessary to enhance community health and community health practice.
As part of a CEPH reaccreditation self-study and site visits in spring and fall 2004, meetings were conducted with community advisors, stakeholders, students, graduates, and community public health professionals to obtain additional input into and final validation of the proposed changes. In addition, the first round of evaluation data using the new processes enhanced this assessment (Figure,  point 8). Although the revised VVMGO, competencies, curriculum, and evaluation plan have only been implemented for a year, the evaluation -including a revised student and graduate survey, revised outcome measures, and a greater emphasis on community stakeholder input -has been providing preliminary information. Some successes have been revealed, as have areas that need more emphasis, such as environmental health, in which we need to expand experiences and internship opportunities.

Value of the Process
An important product of this holistic process of program change is the impact on the faculty council. Because the change process was grounded in strategic planning, it helped us define what the faculty and the program should be able to accomplish. It also fostered a culture -a shared vision -of community collaboration that guides the training for public health education practice, applied social behavioral science research, and population-based initiatives emerging from the program's students, graduates, and faculty members (9,(20)(21)(22)(23). This vision may be atypical for some graduate public health training institutions, but we consider it an important component of a high-quality graduate public health training experience (22).
Many alternative approaches can be used to ensure that the VVMGO of a graduate public health training program support and guide the students, graduates, and faculty members and facilitate community efforts to enhance the health of the public. The ESU MPH program model process was successful for the MPH program. In the future, the process will serve as a quality-control mechanism for the evolution of public health worker certification or credentialing. The next step is to use the process to ensure that the ESU undergraduate community-health and health-services programs are effectively linked to the graduate program and can meet public health workforce needs by graduating students with core public health skills, health-services skills, community-health practice and education skills, or all of these. The emerging potential for undergraduate public health program accreditation makes this step essential.
Author Information Table   Table.